A new OECD report revealed a sharp rise in export restrictions on critical raw materials, driven by green and digital transitions and growing concerns over economic security. 

From 2009 to 2023, such restrictions increased over fivefold, with 2023 alone seeing over 500 new measures. Waste materials, scrap steel, and key minerals like cobalt and rare earth elements are all affected. 

Since 2019, bans and quotas have become more common, reflecting a shift toward protecting domestic value. In 2023, 94% of new restrictions came from seven countries, including China and Vietnam. OECD warns these measures risk raising prices and disrupting supply chains, threatening global growth and sustainability goals.